Kulik, C. T., Lind, E. A., Ambrose, M. L., & MacCoun, R. J. (1996). Understanding gender differences in distributive and procedural justice. Social Justice Research, 9, 351-369.

Survey data from 309 litigants in automobile negligence lawsuits in NJ state courts are used to study gender differences in treatment & judgments of distributive & procedural justice. It is hypothesized that "chivalry bias," in which procedures systematically favor women over men, might result in women feeling they had been treated more fairly. However, while data indicate that women receive slightly better awards & perceive more control than men, this does not influence perceptions of distributive or procedural justice. Analysis of the criteria used by men & women as indicators of procedural & distributive justice indicate that men & women do differ in how they define distributive fairness, with women placing more emphasis on their perceived standing & perceptions of the favorability of their outcomes. However, no differences are discerned in the methods by which men & women define procedural fairness.